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4.
Rev Neurol ; 36(10): 925-9, 2003.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12766864

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Diffuse damage secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be studied through volumetric analysis of several structures that are sensible to this kind of injury, such as corpus callosum, ventricular system, hippocampus, basal ganglia and the volume of cerebrospinal fluid spaces. OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to describe how closed head injury (CHI) occurred in early years produce diffuse damage, and how this damage affects general cognitive functioning at long term. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Initially the group of subjects was composed of 27 head injured children and adolescents following paediatric moderate to severe TBI. From this initial group we selected 15 patients without focal lesion, or in case of having suffered focal lesion, this was smaller than 2,600 mm3. These subjects were assessed by means of volumetric analysis of cerebrospinal fluid spaces, corpus callosum, hippocampus and caudate nucleus, comparing the results with a matched control group. We calculated the degree of general cognitive ability of these subjects through tests of intellectual, memory, frontal lobe and motor speed functioning. RESULTS: This study demonstrates that early CHI produce a volume decrease in all measured structures. Corpus callosum atrophy is the factor that better explains general cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse damage secondary to moderate to severe peadiatric TBI has long term effects on several cerebral structures and on cognitive performance. Corpus callosum atrophy is the best predictor for general cognitive impairment, compared with other affected structures.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/complicações , Lesões Encefálicas/patologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Adolescente , Atrofia/patologia , Gânglios da Base/patologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Corpo Caloso/patologia , Hipocampo/patologia , Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos
5.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 36(10): 925-929, 16 mayo, 2003.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-27612

RESUMO

Introducción. El daño cerebral difuso (DCD) secundario al traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) puede estudiarse a través de la evaluación volumétrica de diversas estructuras, entre las cuales destacan el cuerpo calloso, el hipocampo y los ganglios basales. Asimismo, el volumen de líquido cefalorraquídeo es también una buena medida de pérdida de masa encefálica. Objetivo. Evaluar el DCD producido por un TCE cerrado infantil y observar los efectos que éste tiene a largo plazo sobre el rendimiento cognitivo general. Pacientes y métodos. Se partió inicialmente de una muestra de 27 pacientes con TCE cerrado infantil, moderado o grave, de la cual se seleccionaron 15 sujetos, por carecer de lesiones focales, o en su caso, que éstas fueran inferiores a 2.600 mm3. En los 15 sujetos estudiados se realizó un análisis volumétrico del líquido cefalorraquídeo, del cuerpo calloso, del hipocampo y del núcleo caudado y se comparó con un grupo control. Además, se evaluó su deterioro cognitivo general mediante test de inteligencia, de memoria, y de la evaluación de las funciones frontales y motoras. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron que los pacientes con antecedentes de traumatismo presentaban atrofia en todas las estructuras medidas y que la atrofia del cuerpo calloso fue la variable que mejor explicaba el deterioro cognitivo general. Conclusiones. El daño difuso causado por TCE moderado-grave en la infancia persiste a largo plazo y comporta déficit cognitivos; la atrofia del cuerpo calloso es la que mejor predice el deterioro cognitivo general de los afectados, con relación a otras estructuras indicadoras de DCD (AU)


Assuntos
Adolescente , Humanos , Gânglios da Base , Atrofia , Transtornos Cognitivos , Corpo Caloso , Hipocampo , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Telencéfalo , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas
6.
Rev Neurol ; 35(5): 463-9, 2002.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12373681

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: A high percentage of subjects with cerebral palsy (CP) present brain injuries, which are revealed by neuroimaging techniques. On the whole the pattern of brain damage is heterogeneous. DEVELOPMENT: We review the studies that have described the brain damage in CP using structural and functional neuroimaging techniques. Brain damage is considered according to the type of CP and taking the gestational age into account. CONCLUSIONS: According to structural neuroimaging studies carried out in spastic diplegia, the brain pattern differs with the gestational age. In early subjects with spastic diplegia it is the periventricular white matter that is mainly affected. In spastic quadriplegia, cortico subcortical lesions and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum are also observed. Unilateral lesions predominate in the case of hemiplegia. Hemiplegic subjects may also present damage to the white matter, cortico subcortical lesions and congenital brain malformations. In these subjects, some of the injury patterns observed seem to be related with the clinical features they display. Dyskinetic CP is characterised by the absence of lesions and alteration of the basal ganglia and the thalamus. Very few studies have been conducted that take the different types of CP into account in comparing the findings of structural and functional neuroimaging.


Assuntos
Paralisia Cerebral/patologia , Diagnóstico por Imagem , Humanos
7.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 35(5): 463-469, 1 sept., 2002.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-22203

RESUMO

Introducción. En un considerable número de sujetos con parálisis cerebral (PC) observamos lesiones cerebrales evidenciadas mediante técnicas de neuroimagen. En general, existe un patrón de alteración cerebral heterogéneo. Desarrollo. Se revisan los estudios que han descrito la alteración cerebral en la PC mediante el uso de técnicas de neuroimagen estructural y funcional. Se describen las lesiones cerebrales observadas en función del tipo de PC y de la edad de gestación. Conclusiones. Según los estudios de neuroimagen estructural en la diplejía espástica, existe un patrón cerebral diferenciado dependiendo de la edad de gestación. En los sujetos prematuros con diplejía espástica se observa una notable afectación de la sustancia blanca periventricular. En la tetraplejía espástica destacan, además, las lesiones corticosubcorticales y la hipoplasia del cuerpo calloso. En la hemiplejía hay un predominio de lesiones unilaterales. Los sujetos con hemiplejía pueden padecer afectación de la sustancia blanca, lesiones corticosubcorticales y malformaciones cerebrales congénitas. En estos sujetos, algunos de los patrones lesionales observados parecen relacionarse con la clínica que presentan. La PC discinética se caracteriza por la ausencia de lesión y la alteración de los ganglios basales y del tálamo. Son pocos los estudios realizados que comparen los hallazgos de neuroimagen estructural y funcional según los distintos tipos de PC (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Paralisia Cerebral , Diagnóstico por Imagem
8.
Rev Neurol ; 24(136): 1577-89, 1996 Dec.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9064182

RESUMO

Neurological complications are frequent in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). They are caused by neural structures being affected by the virus itself, and/or the development of opportunist infections and neoplasias secondary to the immunodepression. Cerebral toxoplasmosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy are the commonest encephalopathic disorders seen in these patients. Primary cerebral lymphoma, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), tuberculosis, etc. are less common. Computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) are the most suitable techniques for diagnosis and follow-up of cerebral involvement in patients with AIDS. Although MR is more sensitive for the detection of lesions, particularly those in the white matter, CT is still the most widely used technique since its more readily available. Also it needs less cooperation from the patient. Although on some occasions combination of both techniques may suggest the aetiology of the lesion, these techniques are non-specific.


Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Complexo AIDS Demência/complicações , Complexo AIDS Demência/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Humanos , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/complicações , Linfoma/complicações , Linfoma/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose/complicações , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/complicações , Tuberculose/diagnóstico
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